Pre-Industrial European Labour Market Essay Example for Free

Pre-Industrial European Labour Market Essay In this critical review I will compare the two texts by Peter Earle and Elise van Nederveen Meerkerk. The articles are about woman’s work in the 17th and early 18th century respectively about women’s work in the Dutch textile industry and female labour marked in London. The article by Earle (in 1989) is released before Meerkerk’s article (2006) and there are in Meerkerk analysis some pointing to Earle’s article. I will start with a short presentation of each of the two articles, how and from what time data is collected, some of the findings and conclusion. And then what contribution their papers have made to the historical debate about women’s role in the pre-industrial labour market. Both Earle and Meerkerk refer to Alice Clarks pioneer study from 1919 about women’s work in production in pre-industrial time[1] [2]. Earle is more critical to her work than Meerkerk. Peter Earle is the first person after Alice Clark to look deep and critically into how women had it in the labour market in the 17th and 18th century. In his article Earle is saying â€Å"Indeed, it would be fair to say that we know virtually nothing about the female labour force in early modern London except in the most unstructured and superficial way[3]. An important note Earle makes in his introduction is that the arguments that Alice Clark put forward has more or less just became accepted and Peter Earle is the first one to test Alice Clark’s analyze[4]. A main thing Meerkerk and Earle are concentrating on is Clark statement that there where a ‘golden age’ for women in the 17th and 18th century. What becomes clear in Meerkeerk article is that she is influenced by development in economic theory and social theory as well. The way Meerkeerk and Earle do their analyze is different. A major reason for that is that Meerkeerk is a social scientist while Earle is a ‘traditional empiricist historian’. What is easy to see is that Earle look at numbers much more than Meerkerk do, and while Meerkerk also look at numbers, she uses market theories as well such as the split market theory to analyze the findings. Katrina Honeyman and Jordan Goodman used this when they where looking at European women’s work between1500 – 1900[5]. Peter Earle is more or less guided by his sources. He goes thru his sources and construct figures [6] from his sources. He also takes other sources from other historians such as Wrigley and Schofield [7]. And this is what he is basing his conclusion on. Meerkerk on the other hand developed a frame work, she had an idea before she starting on the research. The idea is that of how to analyze her data. Based upon works from many social scientists and historians and their findings, she found that †we must therefore derive a new theoretical framework to explain the working of gender in the pre-industrial labour marked† [8]. On this background she analysed the data. Her work became a supplement to understand the segmentation of the labour market. Meerkerk wanted to know who got the core jobs, who got the peripheral jobs and why men tends to earn more than women even if they are doing the same work. Core jobs are higher paid and productivity while peripheral jobs is lower paid and lower productivity. Peter Earle has data from witnesses and defendants in the time period of approximately 1660 – 1725. Earle have an impressive material from whole London divided by districts, occupations, full-time and part-time, women and men and their age. He also has data from which class the citizens are from, if they are upper class or lower class (low wealth to high wealthy), and also reading skills and illiterate[9]. Earle is self-stating that poor people are under represented because they weren’t literate enough to be called as witnesses[10] Meerkerk’s material not less impressive than Earle’s, is from last quarter of the sixteenth century, first half of seventeenth century and 1810. Other than showing women in the textile industry in Holland, she are showing the percentage of married women who are in work, men and women in different industries, different jobs, heads of family per industrial sector and heads of family in textile industry. She also looks at women and men’s income. Meerkerk also has an analyse of guilds in the textile industry[11]. What is worth mentioning is that Tilburg and Leiden who are the main places in Holland she is looking at was wealthy places economically mainly because of the textile industry. Conclusion: Even though they goes with their work in a different way, they both come up with similar conclusions. None of them believes it was a ‘golden-age’ for women. Meerkerk said women where restricted to peripheral and low paid jobs but it was changeable, depending upon industry and it as is peak when women occasionally gets better paid jobs, but as soon the industry starts to decline women where the first to loose their job. The fine jobs women’s ones had, where then given to men. It’s easy to see there where gender discrimination. As mentioned, Earle has a kind of similar conclusion; He means that women where expected to work at that time to support their family. Women got low-paid and low skilled jobs while men got the higher paid jobs (core jobs). Meerkerk and Earle’s works compliments each other as to real knowledge about women’s situation on the labour marked in pre-industrial times. What Meerkerk’s work gives us more than Clark is supplement to the theories about segmented labour marked and the labour marked segregated by gender, and she are valuable to understand the labour marked in preindustrial time and today’s labour marked as well. Bibliography: Earle, Peter: The female labour market in London in the late seventeenth and early eighteenth century, 1989 Economic History Review, 2nd ser., XLII, 3(1989), pp. 328-353 Meerkerk, Elise Van Nederveen; Segmentation in the Pre-Industrial Labour Market: Women’s Work in the Dutch Textile Industry, 1581 – 1810 page 189 216, 2006 Internationaal Instituut voor Sociale Geschiedenis

The Soliloquies of Shakespeares Hamlet - To be or not to be Soliloquy

The â€Å"To be or not to be† Soliloquy in Hamlet      Ã‚  Ã‚   One soliloquy stands out above the others in William Shakespeare’s Hamlet. Of the seven soliloquies by the protagonist, the â€Å"To be or not to be† soliloquy is universally recognized as superior to the others. This essay considers this most famous soliloquy.    Marchette Chute in â€Å"The Story Told in Hamlet† describes just how close the hero is to suicide while reciting his most famous soliloquy:      Hamlet enters, desperate enough by this time to be thinking of suicide. It seems to him that it would be such a sure way of escape from torment, just to cease existing, and he gives the famous speech on suicide that has never been worn thin by repetition. â€Å"To be, or not to be . . .† It would be easy to stop living.    To die, to sleep; No more. And by a sleep to say we end The heartache and the thousand natural shocks That flesh is heir to . . .    But Hamlet has never succeeded in deceiving himself, and he cannot do so now. . . . [He] will not . . . be able to kill himself. He has thought too much about it to be able to take any action. (39)    Considering the context of this most notable soliloquy, the speech appears to be a reaction from the determination which ended the â€Å"rogue and peasant slave† soliloquy. In fact, in the Quarto of 1603 the â€Å"To be† speech comes BEFORE the players’ scene and the nunnery scene – and is thus more logically positioned to show its emotional connection to the previous soliloquy (Nevo 46). Lawrence Danson in the essay â€Å"Tragic Alphabet† discusses the most famous of soliloquies as involving an â€Å"eternal dilemma†:      The problem of time’s discrediting effects upon human actions and intentions ... ...evin, Harry. â€Å"An Explication of the Player’s Speech.† Modern Critical Interpretations: Hamlet. Ed. Harold Bloom. New York: Chelsea House Publishers, 1986. Rpt. from The Question of Hamlet. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1959.    Nevo, Ruth. â€Å"Acts III and IV: Problems of Text and Staging.† Modern Critical Interpretations: Hamlet. Ed. Harold Bloom. New York: Chelsea House Publishers, 1986. Rpt. from Tragic Form in Shakespeare. N.p.: Princeton University Press, 1972.    Rosenberg, Marvin. â€Å"Laertes: An Impulsive but Earnest Young Aristocrat.† Readings on Hamlet. Ed. Don Nardo. San Diego: Greenhaven Press, 1999. Rpt. from The Masks of Hamlet. Newark, NJ: Univ. of Delaware P., 1992.    Shakespeare, William. The Tragedy of Hamlet, Prince of Denmark. Massachusetts Institute of Technology. 1995. http://www.chemicool.com/Shakespeare/hamlet/full.html   

Parallel LellaraP

Then Nodal thought to himself, â€Å"What if there was a parallel world Now we enter the life of London, who is doing anything except for read Eng a book. â€Å"l really hate doing homework,† London said. â€Å"To bad it's the beginning of the year. † his friend Christian said. Just like Nodal, London wanted the new parallel universe e machine, but they both don't have the money. Even though they were very opposite, the e machine was the only thing Nodal and London wanted. So for Christmas London got the machine, and for Nodal graduation ca me around and they tooth got the machine.But the thing is, it din ‘t come with batteries. Know a powerful device that let's you travel from universe to Universe needs batteries. The battery is not going to stop them the machine has a lot of money an d they didn't have the money for batteries. So every day London and Nodal asked their parents for money. They asked their friends for money, they asked their enemies for money, and they even asked complete strangers for money. Until one day London and Nodal did the last thing they could, they took the batteries out of the remote.So when London and Nod mol got the batteries out of the remote and into the machine, they were ready. They powered it up and selected maneuvered for the destination on dial and there was a flash! The next thing they knew London and Nodal were in each other s universes. To them everything looked the same but little did they know everything was a bout to change. â€Å"Where am l? ‘ London said â€Å"everything looks the same except there is no TV in this room. Is it my room in this world? † London was so shocked he didn't know what to d o. But there is no time for Loon's stories.Now we travel to where Nodal went. â€Å"Where am I? ‘ Nodal said â€Å"Oh no I traveled to a world without any books! Oh hers one, City of Ember, what is this? ‘ As London on and Nodal were just getting used to the worlds they've tra veled to, they read the box the machine came in which said â€Å"Thank you for buying the world traveler 237 please be noted that this machine only goes one way then disappears until you buy another one. Once again thanks oh and have a good day. † â€Å"Alright I had enough fun time to go back. Oh no, where did the machine go? † London said frightened.Someone should have told him to read the box. â€Å"It's time to go baa KC to my world, I can't stay in a world no books. Where's the machine, I musty misplaced it I'll find it Oh no I can't find it I'm stuck here forever!!!! † Nodal said. It took London and Nodal a very long time to get used to the new world they were in. But finally they had to except the fact that they were never going back to t heir old worlds. And in the end, they forgot all about going to different universes and just live d their life. That's why you should always read the box.

Two Point Discrimination - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 5 Words: 1531 Downloads: 9 Date added: 2019/03/28 Category Society Essay Level High school Tags: Discrimination Essay Did you like this example? Not everyone has the same quality of tactile sensibility throughout their entire body. This might be because the person might have a disability , disorder or perhaps they have had an amputated limb . Also , it could be due to any physical flaws such as any previous scars or burns . In order to know how these disabilities or physical flaws have affected their tactile sensibility they would need to be compared to the tactile sensibility of those who have no disabilities or physical flaws by using a functional test called two point discrimination. Two point discrimination is used to measure the ability of an individual to sense the two point stimuli that are presented at the same time. This is testing the quality of their tactile sensibility (Wolny et al. ,2016) . The sensory receptors in an individuals body are what respond to any stimuli that are presented and transmit that data to the brain. These receptors are located everywhere throughout the body including skeletal muscles, bones, joints and even skin (Alsaeed et al. , 2014). Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Two Point Discrimination" essay for you Create order There have been multiple studies presented where the two point discrimination test is used to examine those with disorders , disabilities or skin flaws such as scars or burns but there are only quite some few about how the functional test is being used to measure the tactile sensibility of normal healthy adults. Both individuals who are and are not presented with disabilities or disorders should be examined in order to acknowledge the normal values of tactile sensibility. Some studies involve clinical patients such as inpatients and outpatients . Sarkar and colleagues examined where the TPD was lost and if there were any other sensory changes located in the upper limbs of diabetic patients (type 2). A cross sectional design was administered in this study and controlled in a hospital (2011). There were 15 participants with type 2 diabetes, participants diagnosed with neuropathy were excluded from the analysis. Results showed that TPD can be used to predict upper limb neuropathy in patients with type 2 diabetes without using normative values from normal healthy adults. Studies have not only have been administered on clinical patients but also on students. Alsaeed and colleagues examined these students in order to generate normative values using TPD for the skin areas of the dominant hand (2014) There were 270 randomly selected students who had a background of arts and design as well as a background of medical and literacy. Results showed that those who had a background of arts and design had better discriminatory sensations than those who had a medical and literacy background . This shows that an individuals background can show an effect on their tactile sensibility. Similar to this study , Wolny and colleagues presented a sample of 140 healthy individuals compared to 132 individuals with Carpal Tunnel Syndrome . The aim was to compare the two point discrimination senses as well as the kinesthetic senses or dysfunctions in participants diagnosed with Carpal Tunnel Syndrome to those of the healthy individuals . The results of the t-test for independent samples revealed that there were significant disturbances that occurred with the participants who were diagnosed with Carpal Tunnel Syndrome in the TPD sense and kinesthetic sense or dysfunction of the strength and motion when compared to those in healthy participants (Wolny et al. , 2016). Another study whose participants were students was run by Koo and colleagues . There were 128 females and 128 males who were from Korea in their 20s . Those who had cutaneous disorders , scars , burns , dermal hypersensibility or neurological deficits were excluded (2016) . An independent samples t-test was used to show the effect of TPD between females and males . The results showed that women posses more TPD ability than men. Continuing to generate normative values of TPD in more recent studies Won and colleagues also have reported normative values of TPD in the forehead , cheek , mentum , upper lip , lower lip and tongue tip (2017) .This research showed a significant effect size , gender and test modality on TPD values . More particularly , women showed lower TPD values than those of men. These findings are compared to findings from those whom are diagnosed with a disability or disorder to exam the significant effect. Seeing how important it is to examine those who are normal young adults , this current experiment aimed to measure where TPD was lost in normal healthy students and particularly on the right side of the participants body regions such as the back of the tricep , inner forearm , cheek , and upper lip were all examined . An aesthesiometer was used to help record and indicate the TPD values . A within subjects design was administered since all the participants were tested in all of the conditions . A repeated measures ANOVA was used to analyze any differences among the body parts . Methods Subjects Eighteen Queens College students , enrolled in a second level experimental design course on Tuesdays and Thursdays afternoons , participated in this project for a course credit . Among eighteen participants , there were 5 males and 13 females who ranged in age from 20 to 30 years old . This was a diverse sample that included (11%) African Americans (11%) , Asian (39%) , Caribbean (6%) , Caucasian (22%) and Hispanic (22%) . Materials Each pair received a brand new aesthesiometer which were used to probe the skin . A piece of looseleaf and a writing tool were provided by the students and used to record where two point discrimination was lost on four regions of the body ; back of the tricep , inner forearm , cheek and upper lip . A computer with Ethernet access was used to access the SPS software in order to analyze the results . Procedure A within subjects design and a repeated measures ANOVA were used to test the body regions ; the back of the tricep , inner forearm , cheek and upper lip and detect where two point discrimination was lost . The independent variable had four levels of body regions ; the back of the tricep , inner forearm , check and upper lip , only the right side of the body was tested . We received aesthesiometer to determine with pressure where the two point discrimination was lost . Subjects received a visual demonstration of TPD . The visual demonstration was performed on the left side of the body to avoid any interference with the experiment and results . Certain criteria was specified for each initial probe placement as follows ; back of the right tricep fully opened (10 cm) , the right inner forearm placement (10 cm) , the right cheek opened to (5 cm) and the right upper lip had an initial starting point (2 cm) . After the aesthesiometer was placed initially onto given body region , the aesthes iometer was closed by cm until the participant reported only 1 probe touched their skin . As we performed the experiment , in each pair the subjects alternated between being the experimenter and the participant after each body region was completed for the pair . The participant playing subject sat in a relaxed position with their eyes closed to avoid visual stimulation . The experimenter measured , using the aesthesiometer , and recorded on paper where two point discrimination was lost . When all subjects were measured on all four body regions the experiment was considered to be ended . All data was collected and submitted into the SPSS software and analyzed the results . Results Figure 1 shows the direction of effect that was significant from least to most sensitive. A repeated measures ANOVA revealed that there was a significant effect of body region on where two point discrimination was lost among all the body parts tested . ( F(3,14) = 75.55 , p= 0.0000000006 , ? · 2 = .82 ) . Further analysis using a Post Hoc test showed all pairwise comparisons to be significant (p= .0001) with one exception , the tricep compared to the forearm (p= .02) . A linear effect demonstrated the right tricep (M= 62.78 SD= 5.29) was least sensitive (p= 0.0001) followed by the right inner forearm (M= 51.94 SD= 4.11) , the right cheek (M= 20.83 SD= 2.15) and finally significantly most sensitive was the upper right lip (M= 4.83 SD= 1.10) . Discussion By examining the effect of TPD on normal healthy young adults the results were as predicted . There was a significant difference among all body regions that were tested . Particularly the upper right lip compared to the right tricep . Similar to the Won et al. it was reported that both the female and male had significant different TPD values amongst themselves . Although gender effects were not analyzed here , resulting in an unequal distribution of male and female participants were measured and therefore under represents males . Some factors that could have affected the results include the temperature in the room , some subjects reported feeling cold , the amount of students who participated and the fact that they were all college students may have altered results . In regards to the pressure , some experimenters mightve been too gentle with the aesthesiometer or even too harsh . The expectancy of knowing that there were 2 probes on the aesthesiometer mightve also thrown the partici pants off affecting the TPD values . Previous studies had examined participants with disabilities or skin flaws such as burns or scars , the Queens College students had no reported disabilities and none were taking medication that might have affected the results of the TPD values . It was important to generate these normative values so that they can be compared to the findings in these previous studies were the participants have disabilities or disorders . This will predict or show the significant effect on tactile sensibility due to their disability or disorder , as well as any skin flaw they might have .